Laser cutting and engraving technology has become widely available and serves as one of the main tools in the arsenal of modern makers. Although almost everyone can afford such equipment, not everyone understands how it works and what it is intended for.

The purpose of this article is to briefly familiarize readers with the capabilities of the technology and share tips that may be useful to future owners of laser machines. The TS3 laser engraver from Two Trees will be used as an example.

Diving into the world of laser engraving may seem dauntingly challenging to some, but in practice, it is not at all the case. Even if you have never worked with CNC machines before, you will quickly understand laser engraving, as it is a simple, easy-to-learn process, and also allows you to create interesting things inexpensively.

What is a laser engraver?

As the name suggests, this is a machine for creating patterns and shapes through non-contact processing, the main component of which is a laser emitter that melts, or burns out, or evaporates the working material.

At its core, laser engraving and cutting are manufacturing processes that rely on the use of highly directional, monochromatic, coherent light to cut or engrave a given pattern. It is a non-contact thermal process ideal for working with a variety of materials containing:

• wood
• glass
• paper
• metals
• acrylic

In some cases, the process allows you to obtain high-precision parts without the use of additional tools or special equipment.

Laser machines are often conventionally divided into personal and professional in terms of the power of the emitters. The higher the power, the thicker the cut material can be, and usually, the most powerful machines remain the lot of professional users due to the higher cost, which depends on the power.

On the other hand, relatively low-power machines are quite suitable for amateur purposes, allowing you to work with:

• plastics
• cardboard
• paper
• wood

By the type of emitters, laser engravers can be divided into two categories:

• carbon dioxide
• diode lasers

TS3 is a typical example of a diode laser machine, but with a closed working volume, which is why it is often mistaken for carbon dioxide.

Why do you need TS3?

TS3 laser machines allow you to apply almost any pattern to flat and cylindrical surfaces. Designed with safety and functionality in mind, these engravers are indispensable helpers in private and professional workshops.

Many engravers do not allow working with cylindrical surfaces or require the purchase of additional roller drives. In TS3, this feature is provided from the outset.

In addition, the closed design of the engraver helps to protect the components from mechanical damage. The TS3 is worth getting if only because it is a simple and easy-to-use machine that will suit most people.

What materials can be used with the TS3 laser engraver?

In terms of engraving, the system is suitable for a wide variety of materials including:

• plywood
• bamboo
• leather
• plastics
• acrylic
• stainless steel
• and a variety of paints and oxides.

TS3 is also suitable for cutting plywood, pine planks, leather, acrylic, and cardboard.

For example, with the help of an engraver, you can make various wooden puzzles and paper figures or decorations, as well as mark collars, keyrings, or wallets.

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Texas-based developer of construction 3D printers ICON and the largest US construction company Lennar will build a village of 100 3D-printed houses with a variety of layouts.

The project will help to demonstrate the possibilities of additive technologies in terms of atypical construction:

• the partners intend to build houses of different sizes,
• with different layouts and unusual elements, for example, rounded walls.

The houses are designed by the architectural firm BIG-Bjarke Ingels Group, and Lennar is the general contractor.

ICON claims that its wall-building techniques and advanced materials used by proprietary 3D printers allow for:

• stronger,
• more durable,
• and importantly, safer buildings that can withstand extreme weather conditions.

In addition, the integration of 3D printing technologies makes it possible to reduce the construction time and the cost of work, and the current level of development makes it possible to carry out large-scale projects.

Vulcan’s proprietary 3D printers are capable of erecting buildings up to 280 square meters. Gantry systems can be installed on rails, which allows maintaining a high pace of work. It can thereby increase overall productivity. While the freshly laid layers are set, the system moves to the next site and continues to work.

This approach helps to adapt to weather conditions. It affects the setting rate of cement mortars used to print permanent formwork.

Construction 3D printing not only makes it faster and cheaper to build high-quality housing, but the massive use of 3D printers can also change the process of mass construction for the better.

The US is dealing with a shortage of roughly five million homes. So, there is an urgent need to increase the market supply without sacrificing quality, aesthetics, and excitement, which is exactly where 3D technology is strong.

ICON already boasts many successful projects, including the construction of affordable low-income housing in Austin and the Mexican state of Tabasco.

This year, several ICON-designed residential buildings were put up for sale in the US real estate market. Lennar has strengthened its strategic partnership with ICON during its recent investment round, which raised the capitalization of the Austin facility by $207 million. Work on the new village will begin next year.

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3D printing technologies are diverse, and now there are different 3D printers.

This printing is a so-called additive manufacturing technology that continues by adding material, as opposed to methods that involve removing the material, such as processing.

This type of printing makes it possible to produce everyday objects, spare parts, or prototypes for testing. The starting point is a computer file representing a three-dimensional object divided into pieces. So, this information is sending to a 3D printer, which will make the products by adding the following layers.

3D printing technology

Different 3D printing technologies are depending on the raw materials used:

• Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM): extrusion deposition of ABS or PLAfondu connector wire;
• Stereolithography Apparatus (SLA): elastomeric or liquid-curable plastics are polymerizing layer by layer by laser;
• Continuous Liquid Interface Production (CLIP): the liquid resin is polymerized by a laser-ultraviolet medium in an environment where the oxygen content is controlled;
• Selective laser melting (SLM): Metals, plastics, and powdering ceramics are laser fusing layers;
• Selective Laser Sintering (SLS): Thermoplastic, powder-metallurgical materials are a sintering layer on a laser layer.

3D printing of houses, the bodies part, food

3D printing is constantly evolving. It improves both in terms of the materials used:

• plastics
• metals
• waxes

In a building, for example, houses were built in just 24 hours using giant 3D printers in a so-called processing circuit process.

In medicine, 3D printing is playing an increasing role in the production of implants, prostheses, or even organs. This is called biological printing.

In 2013, researchers were able to make an artificial human ear by 3D printing, consisting of collagen and living cells.

In the food industry, there are 3D printers that can reproduce certain dishes from liquid or semi-liquid ingredients. One of the arguments in favor of this culinary technology concerns the total control over the origin and composition of the ingredients of the recipe.

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Regardless of the material, be it plastic, concrete, metal, or something else, 3D printing is mass production technology, and mass production will always be slower than parallel production.

This does not mean that 3D cannot be used for production; it’s just that no one has figured out a way to speed up the process; to volumetric production speeds – so far.

Desktop Metal

Desktop Metal invented a technique that he said is not only 100 times faster than existing 3D metal printing systems but can also make metal printing 10 times cheaper.

It is preparing to launch two systems: an economic model for low-volume use and another for use in production.

As of a few months ago, the company still did not have a final product. But what it was able to demonstrate has gained impressive credibility to date – worth $212 million.

This is the total venture capital the company has raised so far, including the recent D-Series funding that brought in $115 million from some of Silicon Valley’s most famous money houses, including Google Ventures, along with BMW, GE.

Metal printing

To date, metal printing is different from conventional plastic 3D printing. Plastics can be heating and precipitating, with each successive layer naturally bonding to the bottom layer as it cools.

Metal printing, on the other hand, relied on the use of lasers to agglomerate successive layers of metal powders. These printers are expensive, slow, and require qualified personnel. They are usually using for very complex and specializing parts.

Desktop Metal is a startup founded in 2015 by several MIT researchers, including co-founder Eli Sachs, who filed one of the first patents for 3D printing.

New method

The company has developed a method in which metal powders are mixing with a fluid binder polymeric. The printer extrudes a layer of substance layer by layer in a manner more similar to plastic printers. The binder “beats” the metal powder into predictable shapes, as explained by the MIT Technology Review. Each part passes through a deflector (which removes most of the binder polymeric) and one stage of agglomeration.

The low-volume system is capable of printing up to 24 cubic inches per day. And it is with a maximum resolution of 50 microns, according to the company.

Partly because the lasers are not involving the system. But they can be easy to maintain and easy to operate, according to the company. All you need, according to the company, is “power and Internet connection” – a development system based on cloud technology.

The materials used in Desktop Metal are widely available because they are used in metal casting. The variety of printed materials includes several types of:

• steel,
• aluminum,
• titanium, as well as superalloys (Inconel, cobalt, chromium, Hastelloy).

The company plans to soon introduce a model of small size. The printer and oven together will cost $120,000. The company plans to introduce a full-size version in the future.

With this model, the company will compete less with other manufacturers of 3D printers than with the established metallurgical industry based on traditional forging, casting, and stamping.

On the one hand, this is a huge challenge, but on the other hand, the global metalworking business is huge. And, in this case, the company needs to fix it, but do everything for the market share is thriving.

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Today, three-dimensional modeling of objects in space is no longer considered something from the world of fiction. Anyone can buy a 3D printer for printing three-dimensional products. This device has become quite popular. It has found application in many areas.

Small business

With the help of a 3D printer, you can print souvenirs and gifts, accessories, keychains, toys, and so on.

Clothing designers use this device to print layouts of things.

Also with the help of the printer make various household items (boxes, vases, lampshades) and utensils.

Unfortunately, the speed of printing products is still low. If you increase the demand for products, you can buy several more devices. Budget models themselves cost about $5,000. The price of advanced printers can exceed $50,000.

Automobile construction

The most popular printers for automobile printing are BAAM – industrial 3D printer produced by Cincinnati Incorporated and Materialize Mammoth.

The first is using to produce parts for Strati and Shelby Cobra cars.

The Materialize Mammoth model works on the principle of electron beam melting. It is ideal for the production of vehicles, where it is unacceptable to connect parts with glue. Coating by pouring greatly simplifies the process of creating parts.

Construction

Some manufacturers have begun to produce special 3D printers for construction. Their cost is quite high (more than $15,000).

Such devices can print houses with an area exceeding 144 square meters.

The main difficulty in developing such a printer – to teach him to use different raw materials.

The use of three-dimensional printing will help significantly reduce construction costs and replace a person in dangerous places.

In 2014, Winsun demonstrated a printer capable of building full-fledged homes. This unique technique can print a house from scratch in just 24 hours.

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In total, design means the development of a concept for a future product, including all its components, functions, appearance, and other characteristics.

Designing involves working on an idea from scratch and contains the entire process of forming a finished object from this idea.

The main goal of design is to create an object that meets specific goals and is able to perform certain tasks that were originally envisaged.

This term is applicable to various industries.

In particular, the following areas are distinguished:

• Engineering design;
• Architectural and construction design;
• Interior design;
• Design of various systems and much more.

How the project is developed

The key point of the quality implementation of the project is to discuss its details with the customer. On the basis of this, the main objectives of the assignment are determined, and the basic way of implementing the idea is formed.

The values ​​of approaches such as:

• Functional design;
• Optimal design;
• System design.

Further, basic sketches, drawings are formed, and product development begins in 3D modeling programs. At each stage of modeling, if necessary, the object or its individual elements are adjusted.

After the 3D model meets all the requirements, it is reproduced in full or in detail on a 3D printer.

Custom design

During the work, the project is worked out both in a complex way and in separate components. Perfect functioning and complete synchronization of all elements of a holistic system are imperative.

In addition to the production of projects, there is a wide range of services provided by 3D technologies:

• 3D modeling;
• 3D printing FDM, SLA;
• 3D scanning;
• Layout;
• Prototyping;
• Medical 3D printing;
• Development of 3D models by sample;
• Small batch production;
• Creation of products according to drawings and sketches;
• Restoration of damaged products;
• Development of 3D models from photos;
• Creation of products by description.

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Togliatti State University (TSU) will develop a new prototype of a sports car based on the project of students of the Bauman Moscow State Technical University. As in the case of the original, the design of the new version is planned to use body elements made using 3D printing technologies with polymer materials.

According to the press service of TSU, within the framework of the creation of an interuniversity student engineering and technological corporation, the rector of the Togliatti university Mikhail Krishtal signed a four-way agreement on cooperation between TSU, the state scientific center FSUE “NAMI”, the Central Institute of Aviation Motors and the National Roadster Youth Design Bureau. The agreement aims to create a modern, affordable youth sports car, in the development of which students and young engineers can participate.

The first prototype of the roadster was created at the Formula Student bureau of the Bauman Moscow State Technical University and the design of the welded tubular frame of the original will serve as the basis for the new Togliatti prototype. According to the rector of TSU Mikhail Krishtal, participation in such a large-scale project with various universities and organizations will allow TSU to offer advanced solutions in the automotive industry, which in the future can be used in the serial production of a new roadster.

The university already has experience in developing cars in the form of an experimental frame-modular vehicle “Sergeant”.

TSU has long been working on the development of a lightweight all-welded aluminum frame, on the basis of which two prototypes of the Sergeant vehicle have been created. Currently designing a third series prototype. In addition, Togliatti State University is an active participant in the Formula Student and Smart Moto Challenge projects.

The electric bike of TSU turned out to be so strong that a potential manufacturer appeared, and now the company is working on the issue of organizing its production on its territory.

TSU has developed a whole range of solutions for vehicles, which they want to test in a project to create a new roadster.

When developing a prototype, TSU engineers plan to use several unique technologies. These include an intelligent vehicle lighting control system and laser technology for welding and hardening selected metal transmission parts.

In addition, the university has the equipment and the appropriate level of competence for the additive production of parts from thermoplastics, so the specialists of the reference university intend to work out the technology of 3D printing of individual body elements with the prospect of printing.

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Researchers at Rice University in Texas at use sugar and selective laser sintering technology to 3D-print soluble patterns that help shape vessels in artificially grown living tissues.

The practical size of 3D-printed biological samples is to a large extent limited by their size since it is necessary to simulate the circulatory system to maintain the viability of large samples. A team of scientists from Rice University has implemented a simple method for integrating the internal channels that form the vessels and allow oxygen-rich nutrient solutions to circulate.

Scientists decided the equipment issue quite interestingly: the role of a 3D printer is played by a laser cutter, converted into a simple system of selective laser sintering.

Initially, scientists used a modified FDM 3D printer, but it allowed you to create only relatively simple designs, not very similar to the ingenious branching of real vessels. The problem was the construction of supporting structures: in the laser system, this role is played by unsintered sugar powder.

A home-made 3D printer prints soluble master models from a special sugar mixture, then the workpiece is filled with a hydrogel with living cells, and after partial hardening of the hydrogel, the sugar structure is washed with water, and the cell structure matures already with the channels inside.

The main cell mass in the experiments is hepatocytes, that is, liver cells, and the channels, in turn, are covered from the inside by endothelial cells that form the vessels.

Funny moment: the inspiration for the project was the flan, a kind of custard. One of the authors of the study, Jordan Miller, drew attention to the sugar cage that decorated the restaurant dessert and decided to repeat the culinary experiment in the laboratory.

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The U.S. Air Force will print handles for electrically heated mugs that are used on airplanes to boil water or heat coffee. As a result, the cost of repairing each broken mug will be reduced from $1,280 to about 50 cents.

The US Air Force uses electrically heated mugs on three types of American aircraft: 59 refuelers KC-10 Extender, 52 carriers C-5 Galaxy / Super Galaxy, and 222 C-17 Globemaster III. These mugs have a nichrome spiral in the bottom and a plug for connection to the onboard electrical network of the aircraft. They are used by aircraft crews to heat water for tea and to heat ready-made coffee.

The electric cookware has a plastic handle that breaks easily when dropped. After that, the mug has to be replaced, but such utensils are not mass-produced, so the military orders it in small batches. Under U.S. aviation regulations, any equipment on an aircraft that connects to the onboard network must be certified to Federal Civil Aviation Administration standards. Consequently, the production of small batches of mugs and their certification lead to a high cost of utensils. In particular, since the beginning of 2018, the US Air Force has bought 25 new mugs for $ 1,280.

Therefore, the US Air Force decided to use three-dimensional printing technology to repair broken mugs. The military is currently selecting the material that is best for printing plastic pens, but it is already known that the cost of the pen will not exceed 50 cents.

It is unknown when exactly it is planned to complete the development and certify new parts for broken dishes.

This is not the first time that the US military has relied on 3D printing – previously American ships were allowed to install 3D printed parts.

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Mercedes-Benz will provide medical organizations with access to industrial 3D printers and help with printing the necessary components of equipment needed to treat patients with COVID-19 coronavirus infection.

The concern will render comprehensive assistance to the companies that asked for help and promises to allocate all of its capacities for new tasks.

“With our competencies and experience, we are ready to help with the production of medical equipment,” says Jörg Bürzer, member of the Board of Directors of Mercedes-Benz AG, “We are already discussing various options with the authorities of the federal state of Baden-Württemberg and are waiting for requests from companies engaged in the medical and technological sector. ”

Each year, Mercedes-Benz produces 150,000 3D-printed parts from plastic and metal, and the concern is ready to release all this power for the production of medical equipment.

Previously, McLaren offered its assistance in combating the COVID-19 pandemic. The British manufacturer of supercars will be engaged in the development of the design of mechanical ventilation devices, and will also try to simplify their design, which will increase production volumes several times.

Airbus also announced that it is ready to provide its assembly plants and 3D printers for the production of ventilation devices. Nissan, Bosch and other companies joined the initiative.

In addition, the owner of Ferrari and FCA Exor Holding announced the allocation of 10 million euros to fighting the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus and the purchase of 150 ventilation devices for medical institutions in Italy. And the Leasys car rental company, owned by FCA Bank, provided the Italian branch of the Red Cross and the nonprofit Italian volunteer association ANPAS with free access to their own car park and five bio-insulated ambulances based on the Ducato van.

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